Week 6 - Day 1 (Ch 6-2 Sensation and Perception)

Quizlet: https://quizlet.com/_20o6n7

Test review

1. Functionalism
2. Cameron touches a hot iron     and immediately pulls his hands away because
1. Spinal reflexes      are automatic, requiring no conscious effort
3. Be able to label axon,     terminal buttons, etc
4. When children enter the concrete     operational     stage of development, they begin to think about and understand logical     operations, but are limited to reasoning about objects that they can act     on in the world
5. Broca's area
1. During a softball      game, hit on left side of head. Broken speech as a result. What area was      affected

(Missed sensation and perception 1)

 

Ch 6-2 Sensation and Perception

How do we see color?

Different theories

• Trichromatic theory
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• Eyes have 3 cones that      detect 3 different colors
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• Red, blue, green
• Malfunctioning of cones      explains different forms of colorblindness

 

• Opponent-process theory
• Visual system treats pairs      of colors as opposing or antagonistic
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• Red-green pair
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• Blue-yellow pair
• Black-white pair
• Opponent-process cells are      inhibited by a color
• Have a burst of activity       when opponent colors are removed
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• Explains negative       afterimages
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Gestalt

• Object Perception Requires     Construction
• The German word Gestalt means     "shape" or "form"
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• As used in psychology,      Gestalt means "organized whole"

Figure and Ground

• Among the most basic     organizing principles is distinguishing between figure and ground
• In identifying what is     "figure," the brain assigns the rest of the scene to the     background

Proximity

Closure

Similarity

Continuity

 

Bottom-Up vs. Top-down processing

• How we assemble the     information about parts into a whole object?
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• Bottom-up      processing -      data are relayed in the brain from lower to higher levels of processing
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• Top-down      processing -      Information at higher levels of mental processing can influence lower,      "earlier" levels in the processing hierarchy

Depth perception

• How are we able to construct     a three-dimensional mental representation of the visual world from     two-dimensional retinal input?
• Binocular     depth cues
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• Both eyes work together
• Monocular     depth cues
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• Individual eye perceives      what's going on

Binocular Depth Perception

• Binocular     disparity
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• This cue is caused by the      distance between humans’ two eyes
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• Brain uses disparity between      these two retinal images to compute distances
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• Stereoscopic vision
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• Ability to determine an       object's depth based on object's projections to each eye
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• Convergence
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• When eye muscles turn the      eyes inward, the brain knows how much the eyes are converging and uses      the information to compute distance
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• 

 

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Monocular depth perception

• We can perceive depth with     one eye because of monocular depth cues
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Size perception

• Influenced by depth cues
• The size of an object's     retinal image depends on that object's distance from the observer
• To determine an object's     size, the visual system needs to know how far away it is
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• Depth cues can fool us into      seeing depth when it is not there
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• A lack of depth cues can      fool us into not seeing depth when it is there

Perceptual Constancies

• How does the brain know that     a person is 6 feet tall when the retinal image of that person changes     size?
• Perceptual     constancy
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• Size
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• Shape
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• Location
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• Brightness
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• Color
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• If you hold a Frisbee       sideways, you still know it's circular
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• Brain computes ratio based on     relative magnitude rather than absolute magnitude
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• Perceptual systems are tuned      to detect changes from baseline conditions, not just to respond to      sensory inputs

 

 

Vocab

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