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Quizlet on terms from this lecture

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Mental Health Providers

  • Clinical Psychologist

    • Has a Ph.D. or Psy.D.

    • Is skilled in working with individuals with mental illness

  • Counseling Psychologist

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    • Has a Ph.D.

    • Deals with adjustment problems that do not involve mental illness

      • Handles general problems

  • Psychiatrist

    • Has an M.D.

    • Can prescribe psychotropic medicatoins

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    • Do these roles overlap?

Two Basic Forms of Treatment

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  • Psychotherapy: formal psychological treatment

    • Techniques depend on practitioner’s training

    • All forms involve interaction between practitioner and client

    • Goal is to help the client understand his or her symptoms and provide solutions

  • Biological therapies: based on medical approaches to illness and disease

    • Predicated on the notion that mental illness results from abnormalities in neural and bodily processes

    • Psychopharmacology: the use of medications that affect brain or bodily functions

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Types of therapies

  • Psychodynamic

  • Humanistic

  • Cognitive & Behavioral

  • Group Therapy

  • Family Therapy

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Psychodynamic Therapy

Psychoanalysis

  • Free association

  • Dream analysis

  • Focus on the unconscious

Aim is to help the patient gain insight into his or her psychological processes

  • Transference: 

    • The unconscious projection of emotions or reactions onto the therapist

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      • Used somewhat today. Not a whole lot

Humanist Therapy

  • Focus on the whole person

    • Goal is to treat the person a whole, not as a collection of behaviors or a repository of repressed thoughts

  • Client-centered therapy: encourages people to fulfill their individual potentials for personal growth through greater self-understanding

    • Therapists strive to create a safe and comforting setting for clients to access their true feelings, to be empathic, and to accept the client through unconditional positive regard

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    • Therapist will often use reflective listening

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Cognitive and Behavioral Therapies

  • Behavior Therapy

  • Based on two ideas:

    • Behavior is learned

    • Behavior can be unlearned through classical and operant conditioning

  • Appropriate behaviors are learned through modeling

  • Forms

    • Systematic desensitization

      • CS → CR1 (fear) connection 

      • Replaced with: CS → CR2 (relaxation) connection

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  • Behavior Therapy

  • Forms (continued)

    • Graduated exposure

      • Gradual exposure to feared situations, feared objects, or traumatic memories until fear subsides

    • Behavioral self-monitoring

      • Carefully monitoring the frequency and consequences of the target behavior

  • Cognitive Therapy

  • Based on the idea that distorted thoughts can produce maladaptive behaviors and emotions

    • Treatment strategies attempt to modify these thought patterns to produce emotional and behavioral results

  • Forms

    • Rational-emotive therapy

      • The therapist acts as a teacher, explaining errors in thinking and demonstrating more productive ways to think and behave

  • Cognitive restructuring

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    • A clinician seeks to help a client recognize maladaptive thought patterns and replace them with more appropriate ways of viewing the world

Patterns of thinking

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Cognitive & Behavioral Therapies (Cont)

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  • Cognitive Therapy

    • Forms (continued)

      • Interpersonal therapy

        • Focuses on circumstances (i.e., relationships)

        • Tries to help clients explore their interpersonal experiences and express their emotions

      • Mindfulness-based therapy

        • Intended to prevent relapse into mental illness

        • Has two goals: (1) help clients be aware of negative thoughts and feelings during vulnerable moments, and (2) help clients avoid ruminative thinking through meditation

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          • Similar to self-mutilation in ways

        • Cognitive-behavioral therapy

Group Therapy

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  • Group therapy builds social support

    • Advantages

      • Often significantly less expensive than individual treatment

      • Group setting provides an opportunity for members to improve their social skills and learn from one another’s experiences

      • Insurance reasons too

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  • Many groups are organized around a particular type of problem or around a particular type of client

      • Fight club

  • Therapy might be highly structured, or a more loosely organized forum for discussion

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Family Therapy

  • According to a family-systems perspective, an individual is part of a larger context where changes in individual behavior will affect the whole system

  • Example: The level of expressed emotion from family members corresponds to the relapse rate for patients with schizophrenia (Hooley & Gotlib, 2000)

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  • Offers the opportunity to change attitudes and behaviors that are disruptive to the family

Biological Treatment - Medication

  • Psychotropic medications affect mental processes

  • Effective for certain disorders

  • Anti-anxiety drugs decrease anxiety by increasing activity of GABA

  • Antidepressants decrease depression by increasing availability of serotonin and other neurotransmitters

  • Antipsychotic drugs reduce psychotic symptoms by blocking effects of dopamine

Alternative Biological Treatments

  • Used in extreme cases

  • Examples:

    • Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT): a procedure that involves administering a strong electrical current to the patient’s brain to produce a seizure

    • Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS): a powerful electrical current produces a magnetic field that when rapidly switched on and off induces an electrical current in the brain interrupting neural functioning in a certain region

    • Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS): electrodes are surgically implanted deep within the brain; mild electricity is then used to stimulate the brain at an optimal frequency and intensity

Vocab

Clinical Psychologist Psychologist who is skilled in working with individuals with mental illness (has a Ph.D)
Counseling Psychologist
 		Psychologist who deals with general problems with individuals who do not have mental illness (has a Ph.D)
Psychiatrist
 		Psychologist who can prescribe psychotropic medications
Psychotherapy
 		formal psychological treatment
Biological therapies
 		Based on medical approaches to illness and disease
Psychopharmacology

the use of medications that affect brain or bodily functions

Transference
 		The unconscious projection of emotions or reactions onto the therapist
Humanist therapy Form of therapy which tries to focus on the whole person
Client-centered therapy
 		Form of therapy which encourages people to reach their full potential (subset of humanist therapy)
reflective listening When someone responds to you with their interpretation of what you say
Behavior therapy
 		A form of therapy where the therapist shows the patient how to respond in specific situations through example
Graduated exposure Form of behavioral therapy which gradually introduces a patient to feared stimulus
Cognitive therapy Therapy based on the idea that distorted thoughts can produce maladaptive behaviors
Cognitive restructuring
 		Part of cognitive therapy which aims to train the patient to recognize bad behavior
Interpersonal therapy
 		Form of cognitive therapy which focuses on circumstances (relationships)
Mindfulness-based therapy
 		Form of cognitive therapy which aims to make you release your thoughts
Group therapy
 		A form of therapy which builds social support
Anti-anxiety drugs
 		decrease anxiety by increasing activity of GABA
Antidepressants
 		decrease depression by increasing availability of serotonin and other neurotransmitters
Antipsychotic drugs reduce psychotic symptoms by blocking effects of dopamine
Electroconvulsive therapy
 Form of alternative therapy in which a shock is administered to your body and causes you to have a seizure (it is not known why this works)
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
 Form of alternative therapy in which a powerful current produces a magnetic field which turns on and off and interrupts neurological function in a specific brain region